The context for planning at the urban rural fringe
Nick Gallent, Johan Andersson, Marco Bianconi
FARMING
The agricultural dimension of the fringe comes from the past but there is an interference with other current uses, such as industrial or commercial that are often dependent on transportation. There is currently an increasing awareness about footprint and foodmiles, reason why the peri-urban agriculture is getting more attention.
Large scale farming has been moved out of the fringe as roads and rails cut land and make it difficult to keep live stock.
Some restaurants and hotels require food to come from within 40 miles so to reduce food milage, like in the case of Bath Abbey.
Farmers are starting direct marketing initiatives and closeness to urban areas is beneficial.
UK Farming's income is 2.5 billion pounds and makes 1% of GDP.
Bickmore Ass. (2003), Agriculture in Fringe Study
In 1990s 56% of farmers diversified into non-farming enterprises (Countryside Agency 1998).
In Birmingham 82% of farmers within a 5km radius diversified (Ilbery 1991).
Nationally 2/3 of farms engage in non farming activities.
Many activities are in recreational area such as paint-ball, horse riding but also bio-processing cheese or joghurt. But also this often doesn't make it profitable.
WASTE
85% of waste goes to landfills, the rest goes to composting or recycling.
Waste tends to be processed locally so fringe is a good location.
ECOLOGICAL FRINGE
'Interfacial sites often enjoy biological diversity partly because they are ignored. Being ignored, they go unmanaged. The clutter of the interface, which would be tidied out of sight by those concerned with creating an acceptable landscape there, often enhances wildlife by creating new niches that wild creatures can exploit. Throw an empty milk crate into a lake and while it may look untidy, fish will swim in and out of it and use it as part of their ecological world. Black redstart nests in the brickwork of derelict buildings. So while town parks are grassed over for ball games and our national parks overgrazed by sheep, these truer wildernesses are allowed to find their own accommodation with nature, evolving silently and unhindered.'
Nick Gallent, Johan Andersson, Marco Bianconi
FARMING
The agricultural dimension of the fringe comes from the past but there is an interference with other current uses, such as industrial or commercial that are often dependent on transportation. There is currently an increasing awareness about footprint and foodmiles, reason why the peri-urban agriculture is getting more attention.
Large scale farming has been moved out of the fringe as roads and rails cut land and make it difficult to keep live stock.
Some restaurants and hotels require food to come from within 40 miles so to reduce food milage, like in the case of Bath Abbey.
Farmers are starting direct marketing initiatives and closeness to urban areas is beneficial.
UK Farming's income is 2.5 billion pounds and makes 1% of GDP.
Bickmore Ass. (2003), Agriculture in Fringe Study
In 1990s 56% of farmers diversified into non-farming enterprises (Countryside Agency 1998).
In Birmingham 82% of farmers within a 5km radius diversified (Ilbery 1991).
Nationally 2/3 of farms engage in non farming activities.
Many activities are in recreational area such as paint-ball, horse riding but also bio-processing cheese or joghurt. But also this often doesn't make it profitable.
WASTE
85% of waste goes to landfills, the rest goes to composting or recycling.
Waste tends to be processed locally so fringe is a good location.
ECOLOGICAL FRINGE
'Interfacial sites often enjoy biological diversity partly because they are ignored. Being ignored, they go unmanaged. The clutter of the interface, which would be tidied out of sight by those concerned with creating an acceptable landscape there, often enhances wildlife by creating new niches that wild creatures can exploit. Throw an empty milk crate into a lake and while it may look untidy, fish will swim in and out of it and use it as part of their ecological world. Black redstart nests in the brickwork of derelict buildings. So while town parks are grassed over for ball games and our national parks overgrazed by sheep, these truer wildernesses are allowed to find their own accommodation with nature, evolving silently and unhindered.'
Shoard M, (2002) p.129 'Edgelands' in Jenkins J. (ed.)
Remaking of landscape: the changing face of Britain, London, Oxford University Press
Today, water, railway and electricity companies often retain major assets in the fringe, with responsibilities for marshalling yards, water reservoirs and electricity generating stations or sub-stations, all of which have a major aesthetic and environmental impact on fringe landscapes. The National Grid Company, for example, operates with high voltage electricity network in England and Wales, which comprises some 7000km of overland line, 21000 pylons, 650 km of underground cable and mor e than 300 sub-stations. In addition, the National Grid manages 1000 hectares of non-operational land (Land Use Consultants, 2002). These companies, as statutory undertakes, defined by the Town and Country Planning - defined by the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 - operate outside the jurisdiction of local planning authorities, but have demonstrated a willingness to take a proactive role in environmental projects - especially those that create new opportunities for public access - possibly because they wish to retain a positive relationship with local communities, and to demonstrate their environmental credentials. The latter factor may be particularly important in the age of privatized utilities: companies wish to project a 'green' image to their customer base and to the government-appointed regulators, who may have the power to penalize companies who engage in environmentally damaging practices.
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